A general mortgage is a preferential right of a creditor to receive satisfaction of a claim from the proceeds from sale of real property that a debtor or a third party has provided, without transferring possession, as security for the claim.

Unless otherwise provided by a covenant, a mortgage secures the principal claim, interest, default interest, default penalties, and the cost of enforcing the mortgage.
The preferential right to satisfaction of a claim over interest, default interest, and such default penalties as are paid at regular periods of one year or less shall be limited to interest and penalties incurred during the five years preceding a mortgagee's enforcement of the mortgage or application for compulsory execution, and interest and penalties incurred during the process of compulsory execution.

The effect of a mortgage extends to the accessories and accessory rights of the property mortgaged.
Rights acquired by a third party over such accessories before the creation of a mortgage are not affected by the provisions of the preceding paragraph.
When a building is the subject of a mortgage, any part added to the building and not independent of it is also subject to the effect of the mortgage. The provisions of Article 877 apply mutatis mutandis, however, when a part added to the building is an independent thing added after creation of the mortgage.

The remnants of a mortgaged property after its destruction remain subject to the effect of the mortgage. The same shall be true of any component of the mortgaged property that is separated from it into independent personal property otherwise than in accordance with the ordinary use of the thing.
Under the circumstances described in the preceding paragraph, a mortgagee may claim possession of such remnants or personal property and exercise his or her rights in accordance with the provisions governing pledges.

The effect of a mortgage extends to natural profits that are separated from the mortgaged property after the attachment of such property and that the mortgage holder is entitled to collect.

The effect of a mortgage extends to civil profits that the mortgagor is entitled to collect on the mortgaged property after the attachment of such property. The mortgagee, however, may not claim against the obligor who shall pay such civil profits until he has notified such obligor of the fact of attachment of the mortgaged property.

If the owner of a real property creates multiple mortgages on the same property for the purpose of securing multiple claims, the ranks of these mortgages are determined according to the order of their registration.

After the creation of a mortgage, the owner of a real property may, on the same real property, create superficies or other rights in rem for the purpose of benefiting from their use, or establish a lease relationship, but the mortgage will not be affected thereby.
When a mortgagee's enforcement of a mortgage is affected by circumstances described in the preceding paragraph, a court may remove such rights or terminate such lease relationships and thereafter auction the property.
The preceding paragraph applies mutatis mutandis when an owner of a real property, after creating a mortgage on the real property, creates rights other than the rights specified in paragraph 1 on the same real property.

After the creation of a mortgage, the owner of the real property may transfer the real property to another person, but the mortgage will not be affected thereby.

When a mortgaged real property is partitioned or partially transferred, or when one property among multiple real properties securing the same claim is transferred to another person, the mortgage is not affected thereby.

If a claim secured by a mortgage is partitioned or partially transferred, the mortgage is not affected thereby.
The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply when a debt is partitioned or partially assumed.

A mortgage may neither be transferred nor furnished as security for any other claim by separating it from the claim that it secures.

If there are multiple mortgages on the same mortgaged property, a mortgagee may adjust its proportional share of preferential right to satisfaction by the following means, provided that the interests of the other mortgagees are not thereby affected:
1. Assigning the priority ranking of its mortgage in favor of a specified mortgagee.
2. Waiving the priority ranking of its mortgage in favor of a specified mortgagee of lesser priority.
3. Waiving the priority ranking of its mortgage in favor of all mortgagees of lesser priority.
No assignment or waiver of the priority ranking of a mortgage pursuant to the preceding paragraph will take effect without registration. Prior to such registration, the mortgagee shall notify the debtor, the mortgagor, and any joint mortgagors.
A mortgagee who benefits from an adjustment in priority rankings under paragraph 1 also may enforce the mortgage with the higher pre-adjustment ranking.
When an adjustment is made to the proportional share of preferential right to satisfaction, if the claim secured by the higher ranking mortgage is also secured by real property of a third party, the mortgage to which the third party's real property is subject will be extinguished to the extent of any increase in encumbrance on the property that results from the adjustment, unless the third party has otherwise given its consent.

When an adjustment is made to the proportional share of preferential right to satisfaction, if the claim secured by the higher ranking mortgage is also secured by a guarantor, the guarantor shall be exempted from liability to the extent of any loss of the benefits of preferential satisfaction that results from the adjustment, unless the adjustment is made with the consent of the guarantor.

If an act of a mortgagor is likely to cause a reduction in the value of the mortgaged property, the mortgagee may demand cessation of the act. Under urgent circumstances, the mortgagee himself may make a necessary disposition to safeguard the mortgage.
Costs incurred for a demand or disposition specified in the preceding paragraph shall be borne by the mortgagor. Such costs shall have priority of satisfaction over claims secured by any mortgage on the property.

If the value of a mortgaged property has been reduced for reasons attributable to the mortgagor, the mortgagee may set an appropriate time limit and demand that the mortgagor restore the status quo ante of the said property or that the mortgagor provide a security commensurate with the amount of the reduction in value.
When a mortgagor fails to perform a demand made by a mortgagee within the time limit set under the preceding paragraph, the mortgagee may set an appropriate time limit and demand that the debtor provide security commensurate with the reduction in value. If the mortgagor fails to provide such security within the time limit, the mortgagee may demand full repayment of the claim.
When the mortgagor is the debtor, the mortgagee may immediately proceed to demand full repayment of the claim without first making the demand referred to in the preceding paragraph.
If the value of a mortgaged property has been reduced for reasons not attributable to the mortgagor, the mortgagee is entitled to demand the provision of security only to the extent of the benefit thereby received by the mortgagor.

A mortgagee who has not been paid upon maturity of the claim may apply to a court to have the mortgaged property sold by auction and to receive payment out of the proceeds of the sale.

A stipulation that ownership of mortgaged property will be transferred to the mortgagee upon failure to pay the claim at maturity shall not be effective against a third party unless it has been registered.
When a mortgagee demands that the mortgagor transfer the ownership of a mortgaged property, any portion of the property's value in excess of the claim it secures shall be returned to the mortgagor; if the mortgaged property is insufficient to repay the claim it secures, the mortgagee may demand full repayment of the obligation by the debtor.
Before the ownership of a mortgaged property has been transferred to the mortgagee, the mortgagor may extinguish the mortgage by repaying the claim secured by the mortgage.

When a mortgagee enforces a mortgage, the mortgage on the real property is extinguished by the sale at auction of the mortgaged property.
In the circumstances referred to in the preceding paragraph, any unexpired payment period on the claim secured by the mortgage will be deemed to have expired to the extent that payment may be effected from the proceeds from the sale at auction of the mortgaged property.
If no payment period is specified for the claim secured by the mortgage or the payment period has not yet expired, and the auction winner or the creditor succeeding to the mortgaged property declares a willingness to pay the claim to the extent of the value of the mortgaged property as auctioned or received through succession, and the mortgagee has consented, the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall not apply.

Except as otherwise provided by law, the proceeds from the sale of the mortgaged property shall be distributed to the mortgagees according to their priority ranking by order of the creation of the mortgages. For mortgages of the same rank, proceeds shall be distributed pro rata to the amounts of the claims secured by the mortgages.

If a mortgage is created on multiple real properties for the purpose of securing the same claim but without specifying the amount to be apportioned against each of those real properties individually, the mortgagee may demand performance of the whole or a part of his claim from the proceeds from the sale of any and each of those real properties.

If a mortgage is created on multiple real properties for the purpose of securing the same claim, when some or all of the properties are auctioned at the same time and any property or properties among those auctioned is owned by the debtor, the mortgagee shall receive satisfaction first from the proceeds from sale of the debtor's mortgaged property or properties.

If a mortgage is created on multiple real properties for the purpose of securing the same claim, the amount to be apportioned toward the claim from each of the mortgaged properties shall be calculated as follows:
1. When the apportionment from each individual mortgaged property has not been specified, the apportionment shall be made pro-rata to the values of the properties.
2. When the apportionment from each individual mortgaged property has been specified, the apportionment shall be made pro-rata to the amounts specified for apportionment from the properties.
3. When the apportionment has been specified for only some of the mortgaged properties, the apportionment shall be made pro-rata to the amounts specified for apportionment from the properties and, for those properties for which no amount has been specified, to the values of the properties.
When calculating the amounts to be apportioned under subparagraphs 2 and 3 of the preceding paragraph, when the amount specified for apportionment from any individual mortgaged property is higher than the value of that mortgaged property, the value of the mortgaged property shall be used in the calculation.

If a mortgage is created on multiple real properties for the purpose of securing the same claim, if some or all of the mortgaged properties are sold by auction simultaneously, and the proceeds from their sale exceed the amount of the claim secured by the mortgages, the provisions of the preceding article apply mutatis mutandis to the calculation of the amount to be apportioned from each of the auctioned mortgaged properties toward payment of the claim.

If a mortgage is created on multiple real properties for the purpose of securing the same claim, if individual mortgaged properties are sold by auction separately, the following provisions apply:
1. When a mortgaged property sold by auction is owned by a third party other than the debtor and the amount of satisfaction received on the claim by the mortgagee from the auction proceeds exceeds the amount apportionable from that property, the owner of the mortgaged property, within the extent of that excess amount, may demand reimbursement from any other third party or parties whose properties provided as security for the mortgage have not been auctioned, and may also succeed to the rights of the mortgagee in the mortgaged property of such other third parties, to the extent of their apportionment, unless such succession would be prejudicial to the rights of the mortgagee.
2. When a mortgaged property sold by auction is owned by a given person and the amount of the mortgagee's claim satisfied out of the proceeds from auctioning that property exceeds the amount apportionable from that property, then a mortgagee with a junior mortgage on that same property, within the extent of that excess amount, succeeds to the rights of the enforcing mortgagee in any remaining mortgaged properties provided as security by the same given person that have not yet been auctioned, unless such succession would be prejudicial to the rights of the mortgagee.

If the land and a building on such land are both owned by the same person at the time a mortgage is created, and either the land or the building only is mortgaged, a superficies is deemed to have been created and to exist at the time when the mortgaged property is sold by auction, and the land rental, term, and scope of the superficies shall be determined by agreement between the parties. If such an agreement cannot be reached, the parties may apply to a court for a judgment determining these.
If the land and a building on such land are both owned by the same person at the time a mortgage is created, and both the land and the building are mortgaged, if the land and the building are thereafter sold by auction to different bidders, the provision of the preceding paragraph shall apply.

If, after the creation of a mortgage, the landowner constructs buildings on the mortgaged land, the mortgagee may when necessary apply to a court in the course of compulsory execution procedures to have the buildings sold by auction together with the land, but shall have no preferential right to satisfaction from the proceeds from the sale of such buildings.
The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis to any building of a rights holder, or used by a person with the rights holder's consent, on the mortgaged property under the circumstances set out in Article 866, paragraphs 2 and 3.

When a mortgage is created on a building and the mortgaged property is subject to court auction, such assignable rights as necessarily inhere in the mortgaged property shall be auctioned together with it. The mortgagee, however, shall have no preferential right to satisfaction from the proceeds from the sale of those rights.

A mortgagee who has not received payment by the maturity of a claim may enter into a contract to acquire the ownership of the mortgaged property, or dispose of it by any means other than an auction, unless so doing would be prejudicial to the interests of the other mortgagees.

When a third party who creates a mortgage for a debtor pays the debt in full for such debtor, or loses the ownership in rem of the mortgaged property through the enforcement of the mortgage by the mortgagee, the third party succeeds to the claims of the creditor against the debtor to the extent required for repayment, unless such succession would be prejudicial to the rights of the creditor.
When the debtor has a guarantor, the portion of the debt for which the guarantor is obligated shall be determined pro rata by the guarantor's liability for performance relative to the value of, or the specified monetary amount of apportionment from, the mortgaged property. When the amount of the claim secured by the mortgaged property is less than the value of the property, the amount of the claim secured by the property shall be used in calculation.
Under the circumstances of the preceding paragraph, the mortgagor may demand reimbursement from the guarantor of the portion for which the guarantor is obligated, to the extent that the portion for which the mortgagor is obligated has been exceeded.

When a third party creates a mortgage for a debtor, if the creditor waives the guarantor's liability for performance, a portion of the mortgage will be extinguished commensurate with the portion for which the guarantor is obligated pursuant to paragraph 2 of the preceding article.

For a claim secured by a mortgage, if the right of claim is extinguished by prescription, the mortgage will be extinguished if not enforced by the mortgagee within five years after the completion of such prescription.

Unless otherwise provided by law, a mortgage is extinguished by the destruction of the mortgaged property, unless the mortgagor is entitled to receive compensation or other benefits as a result of such destruction.
The mortgagee enjoys a pledge of rights over any right to compensation or other right of claim exercisable by the mortgagor as referred to in the preceding paragraph. The seniority of the pledge shall be the same as that of the original mortgage.
If a payment obligor, intentionally or through gross negligence, makes a payment to the mortgagor, the payment has no effect against the mortgagee.
The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs apply mutatis mutandis with respect to compensation or other benefits that may be received as a result of damage to a mortgaged property.

A line of credit mortgage is a mortgage created for not more than a specified maximum amount on real property belonging to a debtor or a third party and provided thereby to secure a creditor's unspecified claim within a specific scope against the debtor.
Claims secured by line of credit mortgages shall be limited to claims deriving from specific legal relationships or to rights deriving from negotiable instruments.
For rights deriving from negotiable instruments, with the exception of those obtained on the basis of a specific legal relationship with a debtor as referred to in the preceding paragraph, if the mortgagee accepts any further transfers of negotiable instruments once the debtor has ceased payment and begun liquidation proceedings, or once there has been any composition agreement, application for bankruptcy, or application for company reorganization pursuant to the Bankruptcy Act, the rights under such negotiable instruments are not a claim secured by the line of credit mortgage. This restriction shall not apply, however, if the mortgagee has accepted transfer of a negotiable instrument without knowledge of those circumstances.

The mortgagee of a line of credit mortgage may exercise rights with respect to the principal claim, once it has been determined, only within the stipulated maximum amount.
The mortgagee of a line of credit mortgage may exercise rights with respect to interest, default interest, and default penalties on a claim under the preceding paragraph only insofar as the aggregate sum of those items and the claim under the preceding paragraph does not exceed the stipulated maximum amount.

Prior to the determination of the principal claim, the mortgagee and the mortgagor may stipulate a change in the scope or in the debtor of a claim as set out in Article 881-1, paragraph 2.
A change referred to in the preceding paragraph does not require the consent of mortgagees holding junior mortgages or other interested parties.

A line of credit mortgage may stipulate a date on which the principal claim it secures shall be determined, and prior to the determination date, a change in that date may be stipulated.
The determination date referred to in the preceding paragraph may not be more than 30 years from the time the mortgage is created. If a period of 30 years from that time is exceeded, the period will be reduced to 30 years.
The time period referred to in the preceding paragraph may be renewed by the parties.

If no date has been stipulated for determination of the principal claim secured by a line of credit mortgage, the mortgagor or the mortgagee may at any time demand determination of the principal claim secured by the mortgage.
Under the circumstances referred to in the preceding paragraph, the day 15 days from the date of the demand will be the date for determination of the principal claim, unless otherwise stipulated between mortgagor and mortgagee.

If the claim secured by a line of credit mortgage is assigned to another person prior to determination of the principal claim, the line of credit mortgage is not transferred along with the claim. The same shall be true when a third party satisfies the debt on behalf of the debtor.
If, prior to determination of the principal claim, a third party assumes the claim secured by a line of credit mortgage, and the debtor is exempted from liability, the mortgagee may not exercise the line of credit mortgage with respect to the portion that has been assumed.

If, prior to the determination of the principal claim, the mortgagee or the debtor of a line of credit mortgage is a juristic person and undergoes a merger, the mortgagor may, within 15 days from the date on which it learns of the merger, demand determination of the principal claim. This provision shall not apply, however, more than 30 days after the record date of the merger or when the mortgagor is a party to the merger.
When a demand is made pursuant to the preceding paragraph, the principal claim shall be determined at the time of merger.
The juristic person surviving or created by the merger shall notify the mortgagor within 15 days from the date of the merger, and shall be liable for damages for any injury to the mortgager resulting from failure to make such notification.
The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs apply mutatis mutandis under the circumstances set out in Article 306 or to demerger by the juristic person.

Prior to determination of the principal claim, the mortgagee may, with the consent of the mortgagor, assign the line of credit mortgage in whole or divide and assign it in part to a third person.
Prior to determination of the principal claim, the mortgagee may, with the consent of the mortgagor, cause another or others to become joint mortgage holders of the line of credit mortgage.

If multiple persons are joint mortgage holders of a line of credit mortgage, the share of each joint mortgage holder in proceeds to which the holders are preferentially entitled is allotted pro-rata to the holder's proportional share in the claim, unless otherwise stipulated by the joint mortgage holders prior to determination of the principal claim.
The right of a joint mortgage holder to be allotted a share pro-rata to its proportional share in the claim pursuant to the preceding paragraph may not be disposed of without the consent of all of the joint mortgage holders, unless prior stipulations have been made concerning the shares to which the mortgage holders are entitled.

If line of credit mortgages are created on multiple real properties for the purpose of securing the same claim, and if there occurs cause for determination of the principal claim with respect even to just one among the mortgaged real properties securing the principal claim, the principal claim secured by each of the line of credit mortgages will thereupon be determined.

A line of credit mortgage is not affected by the death of the mortgagee, mortgagor, or debtor, unless such event has been stipulated as a cause for determination of the principal claim.

Unless otherwise provided in this Section, any of the events below will be cause for determination of the principal claim secured by a line of credit mortgage:
1. The arrival of the stipulated date for determination of the principal claim.
2. A change in the scope of the secured claim, or any other event, that results in discontinuance of the principal claim.
3. The termination of the legal relationship under which the secured claim was incurred, or extinguishment of that relationship due to any other cause.
4. Refusal by the creditor to allow incurrence of further claims, and a demand by the debtor for determination.
5. An application by the mortgagee of a line of credit mortgage for a court ruling for auction of the mortgaged property; a demand for transfer of ownership of the mortgaged property pursuant to Article 873-1; or the establishment of a contract pursuant to Article 878.
6. Attachment of the mortgaged property by a court due to an application by another creditor for compulsory execution, where the mortgagee of the line of credit mortgage knows of the attachment, or where the executing court notifies the mortgagee of the same, provided that this will not apply if the attachment of the property has been cancelled.
7. A court ruling pronouncing bankruptcy of the debtor or mortgagor, provided that this will not apply if the bankruptcy ruling has been vacated by a final and unappealable court ruling.
The provisions of Article 881-5, paragraph 2, apply mutatis mutandis to subparagraph 4 of the preceding paragraph.
The provisos of paragraph 1, subparagraphs 6 and 7 do not apply if, after determination of the principal claim, a third party has taken assignment of the secured claim, or has created any right to which the claim is subject.

After the occurrence of a cause for determination of the principal claim secured by a line of credit mortgage, the debtor or mortgagor may demand that the mortgagee provide a final accounting of the actual amount of the claim incurred, and may demand registration of that amount as amended to a regular mortgage. The amount registered, however, may not exceed the originally stipulated maximum amount of the mortgage.

Except as otherwise provided in this Section, once the principal claim secured by a line of credit mortgage has been determined, the effectiveness of the security does not extend to any claim further incurred or any right in a negotiable instrument obtained subsequent to such determination.

Once the right of claim over the claim secured by a line of credit mortgage has been extinguished by prescription, if the mortgagee does not enforce its mortgage right during the five years following the completion of such prescription, that claim is thenceforth excluded from the scope secured by the line of credit mortgage.

Following determination of the principal claim secured by a line of credit mortgage, if the actual amount of the claim exceeds the stipulated maximum amount of the mortgage, a third person who established the mortgage for the debtor, or any other person with a legal interest in the existence of the mortgage, may apply for its cancellation after repayment of an amount equivalent to the maximum amount.

The provisions regarding regular mortgage apply mutatis mutandis to line of credit mortgages, with the exception of the provisions of Article 861, paragraph 2, Article 869, paragraph 1, Article 870, Article 870-1, Article 870-2, and Article 880.

A superficies, an agricultural right and a dian may be the object of a mortgage.

The provisions concerning regular mortgages and line of credit mortgages apply mutatis mutandis to the mortgages specified in the preceding article and other mortgages.